翻譯服務｜無國界醫生Doctors Without Borders

Médecins Sans Frontières（MSF），即英文「Doctors without Borders」，中文譯為「無國界醫生」，於1971年在法國巴黎成立，旨在建立專注於緊急醫療照護的人道組織。之後逐步發展成全球運動，並於1999年受諾貝爾和平獎肯定。
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目前在五個城市（阿姆斯特丹、巴塞隆納、布魯塞爾、日內瓦、巴黎）設有行動中心，直接指揮前線專案，負責決定何時、何地、何種援助為必要，以及何時該結束一項專案。

組織另於瑞士日內瓦設立無國界醫生（國際）總部，負責協調五個行動中心間的運作。其它辦公室的主要工作，則為招募志願者、募款及為危難者進行公開倡議。

在今年全球醫療資源都集中在Covid-19時，無國界醫生舉行了首次線上研討會（webinar，由“web”和“seminar”兩字組合而成的詞語），聚焦在「新冠肺炎陰影下被忽視的疾病」（Overshadowed by Covid-19: Neglected Diseases in the Spotlight）：C型肝炎（hepatitis C）、麻疹（measles）、結核病（tuberculosis），以及甲醇中毒（methanol poisoning）。

匯集來自亞洲各個區域的醫學專家，帶各位了解這些常見的流行病（epidemic）在新冠疫情下所面對的困難，以及該如何更好的保障弱勢群體（minority/underprivileged/disadvantaged group）的醫療照護（medical care）。我也有幸參加這次的研討會，受益良多。

以下附上網站簡介：https://neglecteddisease.msf-seasia.org/?fbclid=IwAR3XdyjXgeOyhg2n_-s7tpQzWzCOtE6N2IHmBwXhSbijSLObGpvfVOlAqoE
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擷取網站上幾段文章跟各位分享：

In early 2020, our teams saw a 40% jump in measles cases in the Rohingya refugee camps in Cox’s Bazar, with 120 patients admitted to Doctors Without Borders’ isolation wards and more than 900 people treated as outpatients in January alone.

2020年初，我們團隊發現位在科克斯巴扎爾的羅興亞難民營麻疹病例增加了40%，120名患者待在隔離病房中救治，僅在1月份就有900多名患者接受治療。

Millions of people still suffer from diseases and medical conditions that are preventable or can be treated. Four of them are particularly prevalent in Southeast Asia: measles, tuberculosis, hepatitis C and methanol poisoning.

數以百萬計的人仍然患有可預防或可治療的疾病。其中四種疾病在東南亞特別流行：麻疹、肺結核、C型肝炎和甲醇中毒。

Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, and may be caused by any of the five viruses – hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Among these, hepatitis C virus or HCV is considered one of the deadliest, and also the most difficult to treat. HCV has eight genotypes or strains and 86 subtypes, among which are 19 novel subtypes recently identified. These many strains and subtypes, and its nature as a fast-mutating RNA virus, make HCV very difficult to treat.

肝炎是一種肝臟炎症，可能由A、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ或E型肝炎中的任何一種引起。其中，C型肝炎病毒（HCV）被認為是最致命、也是最難醫治的病毒。HCV有8個主要基因型和毒株，以及86次要基因亞型，其中19個是最近先發現的新亞型。這些眾多的毒株和亞型，以及作為一種快速變異的RNA病毒性質，使得HCV難以治療。

Healthcare workers and public safety personnel may also be exposed to HCV if they experience injury from a sharp implement, such as a needle or a scalpel used on an HCV positive patient.

如果醫護人員和公安人員受到尖銳器具的傷害，像是用於HCV陽性患者的針頭或手術刀，也可能會感染HCV。

Measles can be very severe or even fatal for children under five, especially those living in crowded conditions or who are malnourished or HIV positive. Less common, but more dangerous, is encephalitis, a brain inflammation that occurs in one in every 1,000 cases. It is the complications that can be fatal, especially in children aged five and below.

麻疹病發對五歲以下兒童來說可能會非常嚴重，甚至致命，特別是那些生活在擁擠、營養不良或愛滋病陽性患者上。較不常見但更危險的是腦炎，這是一種美1000例中，就有1例發生的腦炎症。這種病發症可能是致命的，尤其對於五歲以下的孩童來說。

The best way to combat measles is through vaccination with the combined measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine. To prevent epidemics, it is crucial for vaccination coverage, or the vaccination level of a population at any given point in time, to be over 90% in order to reduce or eliminate the number of carriers and stop transmission of the virus. Through this, communities achieve what is referred to as herd immunity.

防治麻疹的最佳方法是接種麻疹腮腺炎德國麻疹混合疫苗（MMR）。為了預防流行病，至關重要的是疫苗接種覆蓋率或人口在任何特定時間點的疫苗水平達到90%以上，以減少或消除病毒攜帶著的數量，阻止病毒傳播。藉由此，社區實現了所謂的群體免疫。

Tuberculosis (TB) has been around for thousands of years. It has been found in Egyptian mummies, and was also thought to be common in both ancient Greece and Imperial Rome.

結核病（TB）已經存在了數千年。在埃及木乃伊中發現過，在古希臘和羅馬帝國中也被認為是個常見的疾病。

When someone who is sick with TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, speaks, laughs, sings, or sneezes, the TB bacteria passes from them through the air. When another person breathes them in, the bacteria can settle in the lungs and begin to grow.

當一個患有肺結合併的人咳嗽、說話、大笑、唱歌或打噴嚏時，結核菌從他們身上通過空氣傳播。當另一個吸入它們時，細菌就會在肺部定居、開始生長。

​Methanol is cheap to produce when compared with ethanol, the only type of alcohol which is safe to drink. Hence, it is being illegally adulterated into alcoholic drinks for profit reasons. Unlike water, methanol dissolves in ethanol, diluting the more expensive ethanol without visible evidence of contamination. Customers can neither see, smell nor taste the methanol in these illicit beverages but are being attracted by the low price.

與乙醇相比，甲醇的生產成本更低，而乙醇卻是唯一一種可以安全飲用的酒精。因此，出於盈利，它被非法摻入酒類中。與水不同的是，甲醇溶於乙醇，在沒有眠蘚污染的跡象下，稀釋了更昂貴的乙醇。消費者既看不見、聞不到、也嚐不到這些非法飲料中的甲醇，而是被其低廉的價格所吸引。

Methanol poisoning can happen to anyone. Tainted alcoholic products are sometimes found at large gatherings such as weddings or in isolated tourist drinks. In some settings, these illicitly produced drinks are very readily available in communities. Methanol poisoning typically affects the poor – both adults and children, predominantly in low and middle-income countries. Sometimes, children can also be affected by accidentally drinking adulterated alcohol from a young age.

甲醇中毒可能發生在任何人身上。受污染的酒精產品有時會出現在大型聚會上，如：婚禮或自由行旅客飲料中。在某些情況下，這些非法生產的飲料在社區中很容易獲得。甲醇中毒通常影響窮人，包括成人和兒童，主要是在低收入和中底收入國家。有時，兒童也會因從小不小心飲用摻假酒精的飲品，而受到影響。